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umes were then increased to 500 L, and the samples were run using CyAn. Treatment of animals with Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin suramin For all experiments, we used adult male Wistar rats from Charles River. Animal procedures and care followed institutional guidelines that complied with national and international regulations. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by a 15557325 single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline. Assessment of pulmonary hypertension was performed as previously described. Briefly, a polyvinyl catheter was introduced into the right jugular vein, then pushed through the RV into the pulmonary artery. A polyethylene catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery. PAP and systemic artery pressure were measured, the thorax was opened, and the left lung was immediately removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The heart was dissected and weighed for calculation of the RV hypertrophy index. The right lung was fixed in the distended state with formalin buffer. After routine processing and paraffin embedding, multiple sections from each lobe were stained with H&E. In each rat, 60 intra-acinar arteries were examined and categorized as nonmuscular, partially muscular, fully muscular, or obliterated. To assess the potential preventive and curative effects of suramin, rats were randomly divided into four groups after MCT injection. In the preventive strategy, the treatment was started on the first day, and one group received 10 mg/kg suramin intravenously twice weekly for 3 weeks, while a second group received only the vehicle at the same time points. To assess the potential curative effects of suramin, rats were given MCT and were left untreated for 21 days before being randomly divided 18509334 into two groups that were subsequently treated with either suramin or vehicle from day 21 to day 42 inclusive. The effect of suramin on survival was evaluated from the day 21 of MCT injection to day 42 corresponding to the treatment period. Statistical analysis All results were reported as the mean plus or minus the SEM. For studies performed on PA-SMCs, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons between groups. For animal studies, comparisons of data obtained at various times after MCT injection or from the various treatment groups were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed, where appropriate, by Dunn’s test. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to obtain survival curves, and a two-sided log-rank test was used to compare strata. To compare the degree of pulmonary vessel muscularization between groups, we used a nonparametric Mann-Whitney or Kruskal- Wallis test after ordinal classification of the vessels as nonmuscular, partially muscular, fully muscular, or obliterated. Results The effects of suramin on PA-SMC proliferation and apoptosis We used BrdU incorporation assays and direct cell counting to investigate the ability of suramin to inhibit cell proliferation. The cultures of human PA-SMCs in medium supplemented with 10% FCS were treated with suramin at final concentrations of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 g/mL for 24 hours. The 1000 g/mL concentration was used in all subsequent experiments. As shown in Vascular remodeling in an organ culture model of the human pulmonary artery Human pulmonary arteries were incubated in medium with or without 10% FCS in the presence of either suramin or masitinib, and vessel wall thickening was measured at the end of the incubation period. As shown in Suramin inhibits growth-factor RTK activation in PASMCs Using

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Author: bet-bromodomain.