Compared with SS, SS compared with PC, and LS compared with

Compared with SS, SS compared with PC, and LS compared with PC. 4 genes with uniquely mapped reads in LS, SS and PC form. 5 genes with uniquely mapped reads in at least one of the three life cycle stages. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054032.t(DOC)Table S5 Prediction result of all positive and negative samplesby TFPP. (DOC)Author ContributionsDeveloped the server: YS YT BL. HDAC-IN-3 site Collected the data: GD YW. Conceived and designed the experiments: XZ CJ. Performed the experiments: XZ YS. Analyzed the data: XZ YS ZL. Wrote the paper: XZ CJ.largely facilitate identification and functional study of flagellar proteins. Moreover, the approach proposed in this study can be extended for application in other flagellated organisms especially trypanosome related species.
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [1]. Since traditional risk factors, such as advanced age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia, cannot fully account for the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, uremia-related factors, including inflammation and oxidative stress, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients [2]. Recently, accumulating evidence has shown that disturbances in calcium-phosphorus metabolism also play a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease, partly via the development of vascular calcification [2,3,4].Vascular calcification is not uncommon in general elderly population; 20?0 of people older than 65 years have calcification in the aorta [5]. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), this Tubastatin A price proportion is reported to be substantially higher; more than one half of CKD patients even before the start of dialysis and up to 80?0 of ESRD patients have some form of vascular calcification [6,7]. Previous studies have revealed vascular calcification is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both general population and ESRD [3,8,9,10,11]. Moreover, since vascular calcification progresses rapidly in dialysis patients, ESRD patients with the progression of vascular calcification are demonstrated to have an unfavorableProgression of Aortic Arch Calcification in PDoutcome [12]. Therefore, not only the identification of vascular calcification but also risk stratification of patients by the changes in vascular calcification may be important for clinicians to manage dialysis patients. To date, a number of techniques are available to detect vascular calcification. Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT), multi-slice CT (MSCT), planar X-ray (such as plain X-ray of lateral abdomen, pelvis, and hands), 2D ultrasonography, and echocardiography have been used to assess vascular calcification [6,9,10,13,14,15,16,17]. Among these, EBCT and MSCT are well-validated noninvasive imaging methods that are considered the golden standard for quantifying vascular calcification. However, EBCT and MSCT cannot be routinely performed due to the relatively high cost of testing and exposure to a high radiation dose [16]. Recently, aortic arch calcification (AoAC) in plain chest Xrays was found to reflect the magnitude of whole aortic calcification in general population and dialysis patients [15,16]. In addition, several previous studies showed that AoAC was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and that AoAC progression was significantly 26001275 associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with ESRD [3,11,18,19]. Ho.Compared with SS, SS compared with PC, and LS compared with PC. 4 genes with uniquely mapped reads in LS, SS and PC form. 5 genes with uniquely mapped reads in at least one of the three life cycle stages. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054032.t(DOC)Table S5 Prediction result of all positive and negative samplesby TFPP. (DOC)Author ContributionsDeveloped the server: YS YT BL. Collected the data: GD YW. Conceived and designed the experiments: XZ CJ. Performed the experiments: XZ YS. Analyzed the data: XZ YS ZL. Wrote the paper: XZ CJ.largely facilitate identification and functional study of flagellar proteins. Moreover, the approach proposed in this study can be extended for application in other flagellated organisms especially trypanosome related species.
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [1]. Since traditional risk factors, such as advanced age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia, cannot fully account for the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, uremia-related factors, including inflammation and oxidative stress, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients [2]. Recently, accumulating evidence has shown that disturbances in calcium-phosphorus metabolism also play a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease, partly via the development of vascular calcification [2,3,4].Vascular calcification is not uncommon in general elderly population; 20?0 of people older than 65 years have calcification in the aorta [5]. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), this proportion is reported to be substantially higher; more than one half of CKD patients even before the start of dialysis and up to 80?0 of ESRD patients have some form of vascular calcification [6,7]. Previous studies have revealed vascular calcification is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both general population and ESRD [3,8,9,10,11]. Moreover, since vascular calcification progresses rapidly in dialysis patients, ESRD patients with the progression of vascular calcification are demonstrated to have an unfavorableProgression of Aortic Arch Calcification in PDoutcome [12]. Therefore, not only the identification of vascular calcification but also risk stratification of patients by the changes in vascular calcification may be important for clinicians to manage dialysis patients. To date, a number of techniques are available to detect vascular calcification. Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT), multi-slice CT (MSCT), planar X-ray (such as plain X-ray of lateral abdomen, pelvis, and hands), 2D ultrasonography, and echocardiography have been used to assess vascular calcification [6,9,10,13,14,15,16,17]. Among these, EBCT and MSCT are well-validated noninvasive imaging methods that are considered the golden standard for quantifying vascular calcification. However, EBCT and MSCT cannot be routinely performed due to the relatively high cost of testing and exposure to a high radiation dose [16]. Recently, aortic arch calcification (AoAC) in plain chest Xrays was found to reflect the magnitude of whole aortic calcification in general population and dialysis patients [15,16]. In addition, several previous studies showed that AoAC was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and that AoAC progression was significantly 26001275 associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with ESRD [3,11,18,19]. Ho.